Different Definitions of the Word Pious Depicted in...

Platos Socratic dialog Euthyphro is in many ways archetypal of the sort of philosophy that Socrates is thought to have been interested in. In it (as in most classic Socratic dialogs), Socrates seeks out a person who claims to have a certain sort of knowledge. He then proceeds to show that these experts do not possess this knowledge by getting them to contradict themselves. With this in mind, I will discuss the three definitions of the word pious that the character Euthyphro gives to Socrates, and Socrates problems with each of these definitions. The dialog begins with Socrates and Euthyphro meeting at the king-archons court; Socrates has been summoned with charges of corrupting the youth and impiety, and Euthyphro wishes to†¦show more content†¦(6D) If there are actions other than punishing wrongdoers that count as pious, then Euthyphros initial definition is consequently rendered invalid. A definition of a word ought describe all instances of that word, and Euthyphro has ju st admitted that there are actions outside of his definition which also count as pious. It might be that it is pious to prosecute wrongdoers, but this in not an exhaustive description of all pious actions. Socrates presses Euthyphro for another definition of piety, begging that he answer the question properly. Euthyphro replies, â€Å"...what is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious.† (7A) This is a much different definition than the first—it has a much greater scope. Euthyphro argues that the gods have some ability such that their love of something makes it pious. Similarly, the gods have some power such that what they disapprove of or simply do not like is consequently impious. This is precisely the sort of definition that Socrates is looking for; if it is true, then all Socrates must do is determine whether or not some action is loved by the gods to know whether or not it is pious. Yet Socrates is not satisfied with this definition. He notes that, at le ast in the historic Greek religious tradition, varying gods are at war with one another. If the gods are at war with one another, then they certainly must disagree with one

Tulsa Race Riots - 1755 Words

Outline I. Introduction pg. 3 II. Riot Beginnings pg. 3 -4 III. Statistics pg. 4-5 IV. Lives Changed pg. 5-6 V. Reparations pg 6-7 VI. References pg. 8 Introduction The Tulsa race riot of 1921 was a dark time in the history of Oklahoma. It all began with a simple misunderstanding, but had catastrophic consequences. Homes and businesses were destroyed, many African Americans and whites were killed, and Tulsa had lost its soul. In the beginning Oklahoma was just a young state, and Tulsa was just a young town, trying to find its place in the world. The discovery of Oil quickly turned Tulsa into one of†¦show more content†¦Louis and many communities in between white mobs pursued what can only be described as a reign of terror against African Americans during the period from 1917 to 1923. As Mr. Patrick stated this was probably one of the worst if not the worst domestic act violence. Even today people do not have the knowledge or refuse to believe what happened that day in 1921. The official death toll was 35(Patrick, 1999) but it is believed that many more hundreds were killed, because many bodies were dumped into the river of coal mines or burned (Patrick, 1999). Here are other numbers that Mr. Patrick writes in his article, 1500 African American homes destroyed, 600 businesses destroyed, 21 churches, 21 restaurants, 30 stores, 2 movie theaters, a hospital, a bank, a post office, libraries, and schools. It takes people with an exponential amount of hate in their hearts would be able to do destroy institutions that exist only for the benefit of mankind. The Statistics prove that Greenwood Avenue was once vibrant and full of life. Greenwood Avenue not only just provided great economic means for African Americans, but it was a place where their hopes and dreams came alive. It was where they were free to prosper after a long history of slavery and discrimination. Lives Changed Many people had their lives destroyed, fortunes lost, and names tarnished. One of these men was J.B. Stradford, who had been a prominent lawyer andShow MoreRelatedThe Tulsa Race Riot Of 19211400 Words   |  6 Pages The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 was the culmination of racial tensions both endemic in American society as a whole in the period, and certain tensions peculiar to Tulsa, Oklahoma. In 1921, Greenwood and its African American population became the outlet for these often violent tensions seething among Tulsa’s white population. The following paper seeks to shed some further understanding on what motivated and pushed the whites of Tulsa, Oklahoma to such a violent, extreme reaction during the riot. ToRead More Tulsa Race Riots Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pages Tulsa Race Riot The Tulsa race riot changed the course of American history by actively expressing African American views on white supremacy. Before the events of the Tulsa race riot African Americans saw the white community taking justice into their own hands. Black citizens of Tulsa stood up against this sort of white mob. This escaladed into the Tulsa race riot. The Tulsa race riot and its effects weighed heavily upon the African Americans of this era. The first event was with the IndustrialRead MoreThe Tulsa Race Riot : The Black Population Of Tulsa At The Time Of The Riots3694 Words   |  15 PagesThe Tulsa Race Riot is an event that is quite possibly the most unknown and misconstrued piece of history in the United States of America. When and if it is discussed, it’s taken as a single event that happened in Tulsa and was deadly and very destructive. The many theories of what occurred and how it came to the extreme mob like violence taken on Tulsa’s own civilians. The evidence found suggest there were alternative motives in Tulsa for acquiring land that the black civilians held. This paperRead MoreThe Tulsa Race Riot Of 19211376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tulsa race riot was a large-scale, racially motivated pogrom on May 31 and June 1, 1921, in which a group of whites attacked the black community of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Greenwood District, the wealthiest black community in the United States, was burned to the ground. Over the course of 16 hours, more than 800 people were admitted to local white hospitals with injuries, the two black hospitals were burned down, and police arrested and detained more than 6,000 black Greenwood residents at threeRead MoreA Short Note On Oklahoma Race Riots And The Black Wall Street928 Words   |  4 PagesTu â€Æ' Tulsa Race Riots On May 31-June 1, 1921, a series of actions occurred in Greenwood, a small district in the northern parts of Tulsa, Oklahoma, which are now called the Tulsa race Riots. Being a segregated city like the rest of Oklahoma, many of Tulsa’s African American citizens resided in Greenwood- an area composed of predominately African American communities and business locations. The discovery of oil is the number one reason why Tulsa’s economy flourished. There was an abundance ofRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The 1920 S1525 Words   |  7 PagesSelena Carrizales Mrs. Lilley English III 10 March 2017 The Tragedy of the 1920’s Tulsa Race Riot Racism has been a huge problem in the U.S. for many decades now, and a big action that follows racism are the race riots. One of the biggest riots of the 1920’s was the Tulsa Race Riot, which involved the burning of the Greenwood area, and left many African Americans homeless. The Tulsa Race Riot was concluded to be one of the worst racial violent events in American history. On June 1, 1921 a sequenceRead MoreThe Race, Gender, And Murder Of Oklahoma During The 1920s Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn chapter seven, â€Å"Spirited Away†: Race, Gender, and Murder in Oklahoma During the 1920s, it was about how a small but active group of African Americans appeared and fought for their rights when the twentieth century came around (pg. 135). According the author, when it came to the Jim Crow Laws in Oklahoma, it separated almost every aspect of life into white and colored. A number of them were quickly written into the states’ legal code and were founded on two basic principles. They were that AfricanRead MoreThe Resurgence Of The Kkk944 Words   |  4 Pages1920s involved infamous race riots, lynching, the Sweet Case, and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan. However, out of all these other factors, the Ku Klux Klan has left a huge impact on American history. To begin, there were many ways to show racism but, race riots were most common. One of the most famous race riots happened in Tulsa, Oklahoma. On the thirty first of May till the first of June in 1921, a handful of white people attacked an African American community. The Tulsa Riot started in an attemptRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Black Nation1440 Words   |  6 Pagesstill burns their lungs. The events are a recurring nightmare. While concealed from the 700,000 citizens dwelling and working in Tulsa, Oklahoma, they trod upon the grounds of the site of one of the most horrid race riots in America’s history. However, the witnesses of this atrocity would never be able to rid the images that were burned into their minds. The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 transpired in what was considered to be the Promise Land for the black populous (See Appendix A). For years the AfricanRead MoreNot Like Us : Immigrants And Minorities853 Words   |  4 PagesDaniels holds a Ph.D. in History, is the Charles Phelps Taft Professor at the University of Cincinnati, and has written several books on the matters of race and ethnicity. In Chapter 4 of his book, which is aptly titled â€Å"Postwar Passions†, Daniels chooses to focus on the experiences of African-Americans in the post-WWI era, specifically focusing on race riots that occurred during the â€Å"Red Summer† of 1919. (104) There is a long-standing history of racial discord between whites and African-Americans, but

The Behavioural Responses Associated with Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Question: Discuss the Emotional, Cognitive, and Behavioural responses that Mary is likely to Experience in relation to her Diagnosis. Answer: Introduction The diagnosis of cancer impacts various aspects of patients lives, which includes physical, psychological, spiritual, and social dimensions. This causes long-lasting effects after the diagnosis on the quality of the patients life(Zhou, Gautam, Recht, 2006). In this report, the situation of female named Mary was considered to identify and analyze the different responses, including behavioral, cognitive, and emotionalexperienced after the diagnosis of first stage breast cancer. Risks and related protective factors will also be discussed for Marys situation. Mary is a 25-year female who is married and have two twin children (boys with age 8 months). Her husband is not living with her as he is in the air force of Middle East. She first discovered her breast lump on the left side while she was showering. After which she becomes anxious about associated risks to her body. Her doctor indicated her first stage breast cancer, according to the tests conducted onher. Marys has restricted contact with his husband who was not available during the birth of twin children.As Mary lives in housing, provided by the department of defense, so she has no family relatives nearby. She regularly maintains contact with her siblings and parents through Skype and has not met them since the children were born. During the treatment, physicians set some goals to save patients lives, which include prevention of the spread of cancer in the body and protection of breast from possible cancer risks. The patient also shares these set goals, but during the early process of disease,the patient comes to know about the breast cancer which is not a disease confined to the breast but can also spread to other parts. Breast cancer is an illness that affects each and every aspect of the life of women and brings changes in her behavioral, psychological and cognitive functions. Females having breast cancer frequently experience a probable type of psychological and emotional reactions towards the diagnosis of cancer, which is based on the age and stage of a patients life.Marys age is only 25 years and secondary to her age, she can experience emotional and psychological issues. Mary experiences anxiety during and after the discussion of her results. Marys first reaction followed by cancer diagnosis was she wou ld be scared due to the thought of dying secondary to the disease as Mary is living alone with her children and there is no one around her to support or encourage her. The patients with breast cancer require and needs care for the provision of supportive and an emotionally safe environment during their medical treatment. But thereis no one except her physician to whom she can contact during the time of need. Mary needs her family and husband to be with her for supporting her fight with the disease which will further enhance her self-esteem to recover from the disease(Dentschuk, 2006). The most difficult time for the patient withbreast cancer is first 3-4 weeks after the diagnosis which is difficult to manage. During this time Mary finds her on a roller coaster of emotion crying uncontrollably and also feeling angry, withdrawn and depressed. Mary felt that her body betrayed her because she neither ate nor did anything wrong which could cause her cancer. This is a time when she eagerly wants to know about her illness, future impacts and its treatment and other related concerns like her survival and physical attractiveness after the cancer treatment. She worries about the reactions of her friends and family member for her cancer. Her concerns revolve around her twin babys future and responsibility of the family considering aftereffects of cancer, such as loss of a breast and real-life independence(Kwan et al., 2011). Mary being independent women may feel uncomfortable while asking for help and it may result in internal conflict. Marys concerns about her medical billswill also arise at some point, even if she has medical insurance secondary to a large number of tests and various bills associated with it(Wingfield, 2013). Mary may confuse and frustrate by the different available options for treatment (mastectomy or lumpectomy) and decisions she must make to prevent further damage due to cancer. She also needs to decide whether she requiresa second opinion and where to turn for emotional support.Unexpected problems, change in appearance secondary to cancer, and financial problems are the cause of emotional concerns of the cancer patients(Groarke, Curtis, Kerin, 2011). Research shows that satisfaction level of women increases with the amount of information she was provided after she had decided the treatment options. When the problems related to the primary treatment subside, the patient suffers from behavioral symptoms such asinsomnia, depression, and fatigue. There is a need for management of these symptoms to prevent its recurrence. Fatigue results from the chemotherapy treatment and associated anxieties of cancer.Mary also fears about the prejudices and discrimination she has to face in society secondary to her cancer-related effects(Wang, Chung, 2012).The psychological stress impacts the endocrine, immune, and autonomic system, resulting in the increased secretion or formation of inflammatory cytokines.Inflammation plays a key role inthe mechanism of the biological symptomssuch as fatigue, pain, sleep disturbance, and depression and it is also the cause of cancer recurrence which is the probable risk associated with breast cancer(Azim, Partr idge, 2014).The cognitive problemsexperienced by Mary are attention difficulty, problems with working memory and concentration, and difficulty with executive functions which can last for longer periods of time(Chen, Miaskowski, Liu, Chen, 2011). The protective factor for alleviating symptoms of cancer is family and social support. Mary needs people she can turn to gain comfort and strength. Support can be in any forms: friends, a cancer support organization, spiritual groups, counselors, family, and religious groups. These are very crucial need for the Mary situation. In this case of Mary, if she will be cared and loved by society members living nearby, then it willenhance her self-esteem and she will feel valued. It can result in improved well-being of the cancer patient.Mary would experience less mood disturbance and improved personality if she had more people to talk with in a social networkwhich will help to adjust during the first year after diagnosis. Mary also needs to suppress her emotions to prevent any exaggerations of hercancer. To manage the situation of Mary, her husband and parents should accompany her to encourage her and help in alleviating the associated symptoms with the help of coping strategies such posit ive reframing, planning, and self-distraction. The stoic acceptance and fighting spirit were the most common steps that the cancer patients apply to adjust. The strategy of self-distraction helps todeny, avoid, and suppress negative emotions, but they only give temporary relief.Positive reappraisal, problem-solving, cognitive avoidance, social support, and emotional discharge are the ways to manage the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms related to cancer.Emotional support and expression of emotions playan important role in improving the wellbeing the patients as well as psychologicalstatus(Rey et al., 2012).An intervention based onbehavioral and psychological can decrease the fatigue of patient, but studies show that exercise has more positive impacts on decreasing fatigue, reducing inflammatory markers and increasing intervention efficacy (such as various exercise regimens and walking)(Borch, Braaten, Lund, Weiderpass, 2015). Mary must take part in an educational cancer group to get information regarding cancer and strategies to manage it as well as side effects of treatment which will have positive impacts on physical functioning, vitality, and limitations to their normal daily activities(Mehrabi, Hajian, Simbar, Hoshyari, Zayeri, 2015). Conclusions Being diagnosed with breast cancer and its treatment is physically and emotionally challenging for Mary. The psychologicalandphysical impacts of the cancer aftermath and its diagnosis are notable. The psychological response includes adverse impacts on immune secretions and the endocrine system of Mary(Rugo, Rosen, 2011).The behavioral symptoms are sleep disturbance, fatigue, anxiety and depression.Stress exerts direct impacts on physiological risk and psychological processes. The coping strategies for Mary are the provision of emotional support from her husband and family, social support to improve her well-being, exercise and self-distractions approaches can help manage her cancer-related issues. References Azim, H., Partridge, A. (2014).Biology of breast cancer in young women.Breast Cancer Research,16(4). Borch, K., Braaten, T., Lund, E., Weiderpass, E. (2015).Physical activity before and after breast cancer diagnosis and survival - the Norwegian women and cancer cohort study.BMC Cancer,15(1). Chen, M., Miaskowski, C., Liu, L., Chen, S. (2011). Changes in perceived attentional function in women following breast cancer surgery.Breast Cancer Research And Treatment,131(2), 599-606. Dentschuk, A. (2006). The impact of diagnosis and treatment of early breast cancer in young women - my own perspective.The Breast,15, S15-S16. Groarke, A., Curtis, R., Kerin, M. (2011). Global stress predicts both positive and negative emotional adjustment at diagnosis and post-surgery in women with breast cancer.Psycho-Oncology,22(1), 177-185. Kwan, M., Greenlee, H., Lee, V., Castillo, A., Gunderson, E., Habel, L. et al. (2011). Multivitamin use and breast cancer outcomes in women with early-stage breast cancer: the Life After Cancer Epidemiology study.Breast Cancer Research And Treatment,130(1), 195-205. Mehrabi, E., Hajian, S., Simbar, M., Hoshyari, M., Zayeri, F. (2015). Coping response following a diagnosis of breast cancer: A systematic review.Electronic Physician,7(8), 1575-1583. Rey, D., Bouhnik, A., Mancini, J., Bendiane, M., Sror, V., Viens, P. (2012). Self-Reported Cognitive Impairment After Breast Cancer Treatment in Young Women from the ELIPPSE40 Cohort: The Long-Term Impact of Chemotherapy.The Breast Journal,18(5), 406-414. Rugo, H., Rosen, M. (2011). Reducing the Long-term Effects of Chemotherapy in Young Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer.JAMA,306(3). Wang, H., Chung, U. (2012). Healthy Lifestyle Changes During the Period Before and After Cancer Diagnosis Among Breast Cancer Survivors.Asian Pacific Journal Of Cancer Prevention,13(9), 4769-4772. Wingfield, K. (2013). Emotional Support Through Breast Cancer GalgutCordelia Emotional Support Through Breast Cancer 70pp 5.99 Radcliffe 9781846199363 1846199360.Cancer Nursing Practice,12(10), 10-10. Zhou, P., Gautam, S., Recht, A. (2006).Factors Affecting Outcome for Young Women with Early Stage Invasive Breast Cancer Treated with Breast-conserving Therapy.Breast Cancer Research And Treatment,101(1), 51-57.